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Unicef, Review of the Circumstances Among Children in Immigrant Families in Australia

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CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS PowerPoint Presentation

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CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS

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CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21 ST CENTURY ARKANSAS

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  1. past DONALD J. HERNANDEZ, Ph.D. CHILDREN AND IMMIGRANT FAMILIES IN 21ST CENTURY ARKANSAS Professor of Sociology and Center for Social & Demographic Analysis University at Albany, SUNY Email: DonH@albany.edu Phone: (518) 442-4668 tertiary Annual Ferritor Lecture in Community Academy of Arkansas, Fayetteville April iii, 2008 Acknowledgements: Winthrop Rockefeller Foundation and Suzanne E. Macartney

  2. – OVERVIEW – Strengths, Challenges, and Resources of Immigrant Children and Families ● Children: The Leading Edge of the New American Majority ● Family unit Strengths ● Major Challenges ● Family Strengths ● English language Linguistic communication Fluency ● Children and Schools ● Economic Consequences of Immigration ● New Kid-Based Community Information

  3. Slide 3. Projected Pct of U.Due south. Children in Specified Race/Ethnic Groups

  4. Slide 4. Estimates and Projected Percent of Non-Hispanic Whites by Age, 2000 and 2030 Presented by Donald J. Hernandez. Information is from the Population Projections Program, Population Division, U.S. Census Bureau, Issued March 18, 2004.

  5. Slide 5. Pct of Children in Immigrant Families: 1910, 1960, 1990 and 2000 iv/five Citizens Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, v% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  6. Slide 6. Percent of Children in Immigrant Families past Region of Origin, 2000 Source: Calculated past Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  7. 276% increment for Arkansas Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Bureau of the Census, Censuses 1990 and 2000, five% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  8. Slide 8. Children in Immigrant and Native Families Children in Immigrant Families ● 1st generation -- strange-built-in ● 2nd generation -- U.S.-built-in, with at least ane foreign-born parent Children in Native-Born Families ● third (and later) generations -- U.S.-born, with U.S.-born parents

  9. Slide 9. Race Categories from Census 2000 ● American Indian/Alaskan (many tribes) ● Asian (countries or origin) ● Black ● Native Hawaiian, other Pacific Islander (Pacific countries of origin) ● White

  10. Slide 10. Hispanic Origin Categories from Census 2000 ● Mexican ● Puerto Rican -- Mainland-origin -- (kid and parents born on mainland) -- Island-origin -- (kid or parent(due south) built-in in Puerto Rico) ● Other specific countries of origin Hispanic

  11. Slide 11. Country of Origin and Immigrant Status from Demography 2000 ● State of birth (detailed) ● For children…parent's state of nativity bachelor, if parents are in household ● U.S. citizenship ● No data on legal/refuge status

  12. Slide 12. Children For Whom Results Are Presented Hither Native-Built-in Families: ● White, Non-Hispanic ● Blackness, Non-Hispanic ● Hispanic ● Native American, Non-Hispanic Immigrant Families: ● Mexico/Central America ● Asia ● Europe/Canada/Australia, New Zealand

  13. Figure 13. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families by Land of Origin and in Native-Born Families by Race-Ethnicity, Demography 2000 Native-Built-in Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, v% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  14. Figure xiv. Percentage Who Live in Immigrant Families, among Arkansas Children in Specific Race-Ethnic Groups, Demography 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Demography Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  15. Figure 15. Percent Who are U.Due south. Citizens among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families, Census 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  16. Figure sixteen. Percentage with a U.Southward.-Born Parent among Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families, Census 2000 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, v% Public Employ Microdata (PUMS) files.

  17. Effigy 17. Per centum of Arkansas Children Living with Ii Parents, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated past Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Demography Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Utilise Microdata (PUMS) files.

  18. Figure 18. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with a Grandparent in the Home, Demography 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Apply Microdata (PUMS) files.

  19. Figure 19. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Iv or More Siblings in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated past Donald J. Hernandez from the U.Southward. Demography Bureau, Census 2000, v% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  20. Figure 20. Percent of Arkansas Children Living with Another Adult Relative in the Abode, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Apply Microdata (PUMS) files.

  21. Effigy 21. Pct of Arkansas Children Living with Working Fathers, Census 2000 Native-Built-in Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Demography Bureau, Census 2000, five% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  22. Figure 22. Per centum of Arkansas Children Living with Mothers Working, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  23. Figure 23. Percent of Arkansas Children with Another Worker in the Home, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.Southward. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, v% Public Utilize Microdata (PUMS) files.

  24. Effigy 24. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father not a High School Graduate, or Begetter 0-eight Years of School, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  25. Figure 25. Percent of Arkansas Children with Father Not Working Full-time, Census 2000 Immigrant Families Native-Born Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Utilize Microdata (PUMS) files.

  26. Figure 26. Pct of Arkansas Children with Male parent Earning < 100% or at Least 100% only < 200% of Federal Minimum Wage, Demography 2000 Immigrant Families Native-Built-in Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, five% Public Utilize Microdata (PUMS) files.

  27. Effigy 27. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in Official Poverty, Census 2000 Immigrant Families Native-Born Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  28. Figure 28. Percent of Arkansas Children Living in "Baseline" and "Comprehensive" Basic Budget Poverty, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  29. Slide 29. Percent of Children Living in Poverty by Country, 2000 (Comparable to Baseline Basic Budget Poverty) fifty% 100% Source: UNICEF (2005) Kid Poverty in Rich Countries, 2005. Innocenti Report Card No. 6. Florence, Italy: UNICEF Innocenti Research Heart.

  30. Figure 30. Percentage of Arkansas Children in Families with Moderate or Severe Housing-Cost Brunt, Demography 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.Southward. Census Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Utilise Microdata (PUMS) files.

  31. Figure 31. Percent of Arkansas Children Who Live in Overcrowded Housing, Demography 2000 Native-Built-in Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated past Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Census Agency, Census 2000, five% Public Utilize Microdata (PUMS) files.

  32. Effigy 32. Percent of Arkansas Children in Families with Homes Owned by Parents or Relatives, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Demography Bureau, Demography 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  33. Figure 33. Percent of Arkansas Children with One or Both Parents Express English language Proficient (LEP), Demography 2000 Native-Built-in Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.S. Demography Bureau, Census 2000, five% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  34. Effigy 34. Per centum of Arkansas Children Who Are Limited English language Adept (LEP), Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.Southward. Census Agency, Census 2000, 5% Public Employ Microdata (PUMS) files.

  35. Effigy 35. Percentage of Arkansas Children Speaking English Very Well and Speaking Another Language at Home, Census 2000 Native-Born Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from the U.Southward. Census Bureau, Census 2000, 5% Public Use Microdata (PUMS) files.

  36. Slide 36. Percent of Arkansas Children in Immigrant Families in Linguistically Isolated Households, 2000 Native-Built-in Families Immigrant Families Source: Calculated past Donald J. Hernandez from the U.South. Census Agency, Census 2000, 5% Public Apply Microdata (PUMS) files.

  37. Slide 37. No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) Holds Promise for Educating Immigrants' Children • NCLB requires schools to meliorate operation of… • LEP, black, Hispanic, and Asian students • (Many children of immigrants are in these categories) • NCLB requires schools to measure and ameliorate • English proficiency of students • Parents of LEP students and immigrant parents • share with other parents the right… • To be informed about their child's progress, • and their schoolhouse'due south progress • To transfer their child to another school if the local • school fails to make sufficient progress.

  38. Slide 38. No Child Left Behind Act Mandates for the First Fourth dimension that… • Performance of LEP students be disaggregated • Schools be held accountable for • … academic progress of LEP students • … to the same extent as other students • NCLB requirements • for parental involvement… • Are an important incentive for schools to • … reach out to recent immigrant communities

  39. Slide 41. Number of LEP Students in Arkansas Counties, 2004-2005

  40. Slide 42. Percent Change in LEP Enrollment Betwixt 2000-2001 to 2004-2005

  41. Slide 43. Socioeconomic and Cultural Barriers to Enrollment in Early on Education Programs FAMILISTIC CULTURAL BARRIERS – Preference for child care by family members SOCIOECONOMIC BARRIERS – Cannot afford the cost of early instruction – To few early teaching openings locally – No program outreach in home languages – Programs not culturally competent – May not know how to admission early educational activity – May not be aware of value of early on education

  42. Slide 44. Percent Reduction in Enrollment Gap Compared to Native Whites Due to Socioeconomic and Cultural Influences Socioeconomic Cultural Historic period 3Age 4Age 3Age 4 Native Mexican.….... 66-100 52-72 0-ten 0-3 Immigrant Mexico……... 70-eighty 53-79 0-ix 0-14 Central Am… 89-100 76-100 0 0-39 Indochina….. 56-98 52-100 0-6 0-17 Source: Calculated by Donald J. Hernandez from U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census 2000, 5pct Public Utilise Microdata (PUMS) files.

  43. Slide 45. Pre-k/Nursery School Enrollment for Children in Immigrant and Native Families in the U.S. and United mexican states at Age 4 Age 4 Native White in U.S. ….………... 71% (2004) Native Mexican in Mexico …….. 81% (2005) Immigrant Mexican in U.S. …… 55% (2004) Source: Donald J. Hernandez, et al (forthcoming) and OECD (2006)

  44. Slide 46. Demographic Overview for Children in Immigrant Families • immigrant resources: • Two-parent families with other adults in dwelling • Strong piece of work ethic • Bilingual skills for U.S. economy • Homeownership, commitment to customs • immigrant challenges: • Low educational attainments • Much function-fourth dimension, part-year work • High Poverty • Express English proficiency • Low pre-m/nursery school enrollment

  45. Slide 47. Short-Term Economic Consequences of Clearing • Competition from new immigrant workers lowers wages mainly for before immigrants • Immigrants benefit by earning higher incomes than they would in their country of origin • Complementary immigrant job skills lead to better wages for native workers • Complementary immigrant task skills lead to net gains in economic output of $1-$ten billion per year • Consumers do good from lower cost goods and services produced past immigrants Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration. Washington, D.C.: National University Press.

  46. Slide 48. Long-Term Bear on of Current U.Due south. Immigrants on Government Taxes/Expenditures • For the average immigrant: • State/Local benefits exceed taxes by $25,000 • Federal taxes exceed benefits by $105,000 • All taxes exceed benefits past $80,000 • Therefore, • … the lifetime net contribution of the average immigrant to authorities treasuries is $80,000 Source: James P. Smith and Barry Edmonston (eds.) (1997) The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Clearing. Washington, D.C.: National University Printing.

  47. Slide 49. Economical and Job Impacts of Immigrant Spending in Arkansas, 1990-2010* • Economical Spin-off • Impactnew jobs • 1990 ….. $ 453 million … iii,600 • 2000 ….. $ ii.025 billion … sixteen,000 • 2004 ….. $ two.913 billion … 23,100 • Projected: • 2010 ..... $ 5.200 billion … 87,000 • * Economic and job impacts on Arkansas economy are the outcome of immigrant purchases, that is, direct consumer spending, measured every bit income after taxes and not counting remittances to the country of origin, savings, or interest payments. Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek Fifty. Croney, " A Profile of Immigrants in Arkansas, volume 2: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, Apr 2007.

  48. Slide 50. Annual Tax Contributions and Costs of Current Arkansas Immigrants for the Land of Arkansas, 2004 • Tax Contributions in millions: • $111 …Direct sales tax • 82 … Personal income and property taxes • 47 … Indirect business taxes • 17 … Indirect personal taxes • $257 … TOTAL • Tax costs in millions: • $186 … Instruction, G-12 • 37 … Wellness • xv … Corrections • $237 … Full Source: John D. Karsarda, James H. Johnson, Jr., Stephen J. Appold, and Derrek Fifty. Croney, " A Contour of Immigrants in Arkansas, book two: Impacts on the Arkansas Economy, Winthrop Rockefeller foundation, Apr 2007.

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